SYMELab
Trang chủTinh DầuLemongrass East Indian
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Thận trọngTop/Middle noteCitrus

Lemongrass East Indian

Tinh dầu sả Đông Ấn / Sả dịu

Cymbopogon flexuosus* (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.

Tinh dầu sả Đông Ấn / Sả dịu — Citrus

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Nhận Diện

Section 1 — Identification

Danh pháp khoa học
Cymbopogon flexuosus* (Nees ex Steud.) Wats.
Họ thực vật
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Bộ phận dùng
Aerial parts — leaves and stems (fresh or partially dried)
Phương pháp chiết xuất
Steam distillation
Màu sắc
Pale yellow to amber; darkens slightly with age
Phân loại nốt hương
Top/Middle note
Hương thơm
Top–Middle note; intensely fresh, bright lemon-citrus, slightly herbaceous-grassy, with a light floral undertone from geraniol; cleaner and sharper than West Indian (*C. citratus*)
Chemotype / Cultivar
Citral chemotype (dominant); minor chemotypes with elevated myrcene or geraniol known; cultivar 'OD-19' and 'Krishna' are commercial Indian standards
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
India (primary — KeralaTamil NaduKarnatakaUttar PradeshAssam)NepalSri LankaChina
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
⭐⭐⭐ — Widely available as imported bulk oil; domestically produced *C. flexuosus* crops exist in limited scale; commonly mislabeled alongside *C. citratus* in Vietnamese market

Thành Phần Hóa Học

Section 2 — Chemical Composition (GC/MS)

Cấu tửNhóm%Tác dụng
Geranial (Citral-a) ★★★ DOMINANTMonoterpenal35–45%Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Neral (Citral-b) ★★★ CO-DOMINANTMonoterpenal25–35%Antimicrobial, spasmolytic, antifungal
GeraniolMonoterpenol1–5%Antifungal, insect repellent, mild sedative
β-MyrceneMonoterpene hydrocarbon5–12%Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, synergist
LinaloolMonoterpenol1–3%Anxiolytic, sedative, skin-soothing
Geranyl acetateEster1–3%Antifungal, fixative, floral modifier
β-CaryophylleneSesquiterpene0.5–2%Anti-inflammatory (CB2 agonist)
LimoneneMonoterpene0.5–2%Antioxidant, mood uplifting
CitronellalMonoterpenal0.2–1%Insect repellent, spasmolytic
CitronellolMonoterpenol0.1–0.5%Antifungal, mild floral
Nerol acetateEster0.5–1%Skin conditioning

- Geranial:Neral ratio ≈ 55:45 to 60:40 — this ratio is the primary authentication marker for *C. flexuosus* vs. *C. citratus* (East Indian tends to have slightly higher geranial proportion) - High citral content (>65%) = superior commercial grade; adulteration risk with synthetic citral or blending with lemongrass terpenes (myrcene fraction) is common - β-Myrcene content distinguishes *C. flexuosus* (higher, 5–12%) from *C. citratus* (lower); useful for species differentiation by GC

Hồ Sơ Hương Thơm

Section 3 — Aroma & Perfumery Profile

Phân loại nốt
Top/Middle
Cường độ
8/5
Độ bền trên da
30 min – 2 hours (top-heavy volatile profile); fixation improved with benzyl benzoate or resinous bases
Họ hương
Citrus

Bright lemon, fresh, grassy, slightly floral, clean

Chanh tươi sáng, thanh mát, hơi cỏ cây, nhẹ hoa, sạch sẽ

Kết hợp tốt với

CitrusHerbFloralWood (light)Spice (light)

Blend kinh điển

Lavender + Lemongrass— Calming + cleansing; widely used diffuser blend for stress relief
Eucalyptus Globulus + Lemongrass— Powerful antibacterial room spray; respiratory clarity
Cedarwood Atlas + Lemongrass— Grounds the top note; excellent insect-repellent blend
Geranium Bourbon + Lemongrass— Floral-citrus skin toner; sebum-balancing for oily skin
Frankincense + Lemongrass— Meditative; bridges resinous base with bright citrus top

Công Dụng Trị Liệu

Section 4 — Therapeutic Properties

Antimicrobial

Citral (geranial + neral) disrupts microbial cell membranes and inhibits biofilm formation; demonstrated efficacy against *S. aureus*, MRSA, *E. coli*, *Candida albicans*, *C. tropicalis*; MIC of lemongrass EO against planktonic *C. albicans* = 0.0781% v/v;

Anti-inflammatory

Citral reduces proinflammatory cytokine release (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6); β-caryophyllene acts as selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist;

Antioxidant

High DPPH radical scavenging capacity; IC₅₀ = 43.67 μg/mL in Uttarakhand GC/MS study; polyphenolic content synergizes with citral;

Insect repellent

Citral + citronellal + geraniol combination; effective topical repellent against *Aedes aegypti* and houseflies;

Analgesic / antinociceptive

Myrcene component reduces pain perception via opioid pathway modulation; topical application reported to reduce RA pain scores;

Antifungal

Disrupts ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes; effective against dermatophytes and *Candida* spp.;

Tâm Lý & Năng Lượng

Section 5 — Emotional & Energetic Profile

Tâm trạng: Uplifting + Clarifying + mildly Energizing; reduces mental fatigue and nervous tension

Mental clarityemotional cleansingself-confidencealertnessstress release

Chakra: Solar Plexus (Manipura) ☀️ — confidence, willpower, digestion; secondary: Throat Chakra (Vishuddha) — clear communication, mental clarity

Ngũ hành: Mộc (Wood)** — promotes movement of Qi (khí), clears stagnation, uplifting and expansive energy; secondary **Kim (Metal)** — cleansing, clarifying, respiratory affinity

Cách Dùng & Pha Chế

Section 6 — Application & Formulation

Diffusion (khuếch tán)
3–5 drops per 100ml water — Max 30–60 min sessions; blends well with lavender or eucalyptus; strong — use less in small rooms
Topical massage (massage)
0.5–1% dilution — Must dilute — neat application causes sensitization; use in jojoba or sweet almond; max 1% per IFRA/Tisserand citral limit
Bath (tắm)
3–5 drops dispersed in 1 tsp liquid castile soap or milk first — NEVER add undiluted — citral irritates mucous membranes; short soak 10–15 min
Inhalation (hít)
1–2 drops on tissue / personal inhaler — 5–10 min intervals; helpful for mental clarity and respiratory congestion
Skincare (chăm sóc da)
≤0.7% in leave-on / ≤5% in rinse-off — Due to citral sensitization risk; patch test mandatory; non-comedogenic; excellent for oily/acne skin at safe dilutions
Insect repellent spray
1–2% in isopropyl alcohol + distilled water — Effective but reapply every 1–2 hours; add cedarwood or citronella for duration

Phù Hợp Loại Da

Section 7 — Skin Type Suitability

Da dầu/mụn

Excellent antibacterial + astringent action on excess sebum; use ≤0.7% leave-on; combine with tea tree

Da khô

NOT recommended as primary oil — citral can exacerbate dryness and irritation; use only at very low % with rich carrier

Da hỗn hợp

Suitable for T-zone application only; keep away from dry zones; dilute well

Da nhạy cảm

HIGH CAUTION — citral is a known contact allergen; mandatory patch test; limit ≤0.5%; may trigger reactions in MCHI-positive individuals

Da lão hóa

Antioxidant properties beneficial but irritation risk on thinning skin; use low % with nourishing carriers; combine with rosehip

Da tăng sắc tố

Citral has mild brightening/antioxidant effect; NOT phototoxic (unlike bergamot); safe for daytime use if diluted

Viêm da cơ địa

AVOID or extreme caution — citral is a documented sensitizer in atopic dermatitis; may trigger or worsen flares

Da đầu/Tóc

Excellent for oily scalp, dandruff (Malassezia inhibition), scalp stimulation; use ≤1% in shampoo/rinse-off; stimulates circulation

An Toàn & Chống Chỉ Định

Section 8 — Safety

Giới hạn da tối đa

Xem chi tiết

IFRA Restriction

Listed under IFRA Standards — citral restricted; always check batch certificate and calculate based on actual GC/MS citral content

Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Avoid
Tam cá nguyệt 2Caution
Tam cá nguyệt 3Caution

Giới hạn độ tuổi

- Children under 2 years: **AVOID** — high citral content; irritant to young skin and respiratory mucosa

Tương tác thuốc

  • ! (Tương tác thuốc):**
  • ! Anticoagulants (warfarin, aspirin):
  • ! Hypoglycemic agents:
  • ! Immunosuppressants:

Chống chỉ định

  • x (Chống chỉ định):**
  • x Known hypersensitivity or allergy to citral, geraniol, or lemongrass
  • x Atopic dermatitis / eczema — topical use contraindicated
  • x Children under 2 years — all routes
  • x First trimester pregnancy — all routes
  • x Direct application to mucous membranes, eyes, or open wounds

Kiểm tra chất lượng

- **Genuine:** GC/MS shows total citral (geranial + neral) ≥ 65%; geranial peak larger than neral peak; β-myrcene 5–10%; trace geranyl acetate present; optical rotation (−3° to −1°); refractive index 1.483–1.489 - **Adulteration risks:** Synthetic citral addition (cheapest adulterant — flattens GC profile); blending with *C. citratus* oil (lower citral, different myrcene ratio); addition of isolated limonene or terpene fractions to increase volume - **Storage:** Dark glass bottle; cool (8–15°C);

Bảo quản

Dark glass bottle; cool (8–15°C); away from light and heat; **shelf life 1–2 years** (citral oxidizes to degradation products that increase sensitization risk); refrigeration recommended in VN tropical climate; discard if color darkens significantly to brown or develops rancid/metallic off-note ---

Bối Cảnh Việt Nam

Section 9 — VN Context

Sản xuất tại VN** **Tier 2 Premium**

Vùng trồng / sản xuất tại VN

Lâm Đồng (Đà Lạt highlands — favorable climate for aromatic crops); Phú Yên; Đắk Lắk; limited cultivation in Hà Tĩnh and Nghệ An; most commercial East Indian lemongrass EO in VN market is imported from India

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

Sả Đông ẤnSả dịuSả Ấn Độgeneral term *Sả* (covers multiple *Cymbopogon* spp.)traditional folk name *cỏ sả

Trong Y học cổ truyền VN

- **Xông hơi (steam inhalation):** Lá sả boiled in water, steam inhaled to treat cảm cúm, nghẹt mũi (nasal congestion), đau đầu — universal traditional practice across North and South Vietnam - **Thuốc xoa bóp:** Tinh dầu sả pha loãng dùng xoa bóp giảm đau cơ, đau khớp, côn trùng cắn - **Ẩm thực dược liệu:** Sả dùng trong nấu ăn (phở, lẩu, thịt nướng) với tác dụng kích thích tiêu hóa, kháng khuẩn thực phẩm - **Đuổi muỗi/côn trùng:** Truyền thống dùng cây sả trồng quanh nhà hoặc đốt để đuổi

Mua hàng tại VN

Imported Indian *C. flexuosus* EO available through aromatherapy distributors (Hà Nội, TP.HCM) at ~150,000–350,000 VND/10ml depending on origin and GC/MS certification; domestic production limited but growing; quality varies significantly — GC/MS verified product recommended; easily confused with *C. citratus* oil in local market

Tài Liệu Tham Khảo

Section 10 — References

[Primary safety — dermal limit] Tisserand R & Young R. *Essential Oil Safety*, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014. Citral dermal max 0.6–0.7% (pp. 194, 282)
[GC/MS Chemistry #1] Chowdhury JA et al. "Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of EO of *C. flexuosus*." *J. Appl. Nat. Sci.* 12(1), 2020. DOI:10.31018/jans.v12i1.2207
[GC/MS Chemistry #2] Wild population Bangalore: *Botanyjournals.com* 2021, Vol.6(2):5-5-125-890 — 40+ compounds identified
[GC/MS Chemistry #3] Karnataka study: citral 64.98%, rjpn.org/ijcspub/papers/IJCSP10A1499.pdf
[Antimicrobial — Biofilm] Koo S et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Lemongrass EO (*C. flexuosus*) and Citral Against Dual-Species Biofilms." *Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.* 2020. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.603858 — PMC7783362
[Comprehensive review] Sharma PR et al. "Lemongrass EO Components with Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties." *Foods* 2022. PMC8773226
[Clinical scoping review] Varghese SM et al. "Exploring Clinical Applications of LGEO: A Scoping Review." *PMC10892616*, 2024
[Food safety / animal safety] EFSA FEEDAP Panel on *C. flexuosus* EO safety. *EFSA Journal* 2023. PMC10369294
[VN traditional use] oking.vn — Cymbopogon taxonomy and VN names; charmevietnam.com — *C. flexuosus* VN cultivation notes
[VN agricultural study] Tạp chí Nông nghiệp VNUA: Đánh giá sinh trưởng *Cymbopogon* spp. tại Việt Nam. tapchi.vnua.edu.vn 2023
[IFRA citral restriction] IFRA Standards 49th Amendment — Citral restricted in leave-on cosmetics Category 4: 0.71%
[Data reliability] HIGH — Multiple peer-reviewed GC/MS studies; Tisserand & Young primary safety source; EFSA regulatory review; consistent chemistry across geographic origins

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