Geranium Bourbon / Rose Geranium (Réunion / Madagascar) (Tinh dầu phong lữ thảo — Bourbon / Rose Geranium (Géranium Rosat — tiêu chuẩn vàng của fine fragrance toàn cầu))

Nhận Diện

Section 1 — Identification

Danh pháp khoa học: *Pelargonium x asperum* Ehrh. ex Willd. (syn. *Pelargonium graveolens* L'Hér. ex Aiton — INCI/trade; CAS 8000-46-2; historically also traded as *P. roseum* Willd.)
Họ thực vật: Geraniaceae
Bộ phận dùng: Fresh aerial parts (leaves + stems + immature flower buds) — harvested just before/during flowering
Phương pháp chiết xuất: Steam distillation; traditional copper pot stills (alembics) — CRITICAL: Réunion artisan distillers
Màu sắc: Pale yellow to golden amber; **deeper amber than Chinese/Moroccan grades; lighter than some darker batches of Egyptian**; mobile oil; Réunion artisan batches sometimes exhibit slightly deeper golden hue; no green tinge (unlike fresh-distilled Moroccan/Chinese)
Phân loại nốt hương: Middle note
Hương thơm: Middle note (strong Middle-Top character with excellent projection); **the most "rosy," "sweet," "honeyed-floral" of all four geranium grades**; opening: sweet-rosy, honeyed, rose-with-citrus; heart: rich rose-floral, warm, slightly green; dry-down: earthy-resinous, warm, lasting; distinctly **"warmer," "richer," "more honeyed"** than Egyptian (which is crisper/sharper); **"more complex and fuller"** than Chinese (greener/mintier) or Moroccan (cleaner/estery); unmistakably the "luxury" aroma that established geranium in Grasse fine fragrance tradition
Chemotype / Cultivar: Bourbon chemotype — THE benchmark premium grade; the chemical fingerprint that ALL other grades are compared against; defining markers: **Citronellol 32–45% (HIGHEST of all grades); Rose oxide (cis + trans total) 1.3–3.5% (= Egyptian, both highest); 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol 1–3% (lowest of four grades); Geraniol 5–12% (LOWEST of four grades); Isomenthone 4–7%; Citronellyl formate 4–9%; β-Bourbonene (namesake compound) 1.5–3.5% (HIGHEST of all grades — trace or absent in Chinese/Egyptian)**
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính: **Madagascar ★★★★★** (Antsirabe highlands — modern primary "Bourbon" source; ~15–25 MT/yr authentic Bourbon chemotype); **Réunion Island (France) ★★★★☆** (original origin; artisan small-batch; 1–3 MT/yr; highest price tier); China ★★★★★ (non-Bourbon; volumes); Egypt ★★★★☆ (~40 MT/yr); Morocco ★★★★☆ (~15–25 MT/yr); India ★★★☆☆ (some Bourbon-adjacent); South Africa ★★☆☆☆ (original homeland; small quantities)
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam: ⭐★★★☆ — imported; **RAREST và ĐẮT NHẤT trong bốn geranium entries tại VN**; authentic Réunion Bourbon: cực hiếm, 500,000–1,200,000+ VND/10ml; Madagascar Bourbon: 300,000–800,000 VND/10–30ml từ specialist importers; significant fraud — many "Bourbon" labels are Egyptian or Chinese; GC/MS: citronellol ≥37% + rose oxide ≥1.3% + β-bourbonene ≥1.5% = three-marker authentication

Thành Phần Hóa Học

Section 2 — Chemical Composition (GC/MS)

Cấu tử	Nhóm	%	Tác dụng
Geraniol	Acyclic monoterpenol	5–12%	Antidepressant; antifungal; analgesic; EU 26 allergen; LOWEST of four grades (citronellol-dominant profile)
Citronellyl formate	Ester	4–9%	Rose-ester modifier; antispasmodic; soothing
Isomenthone	Cyclic monoterpene ketone	4–7%	Minty-herbal character; antimicrobial; lower than all other grades
Geranyl formate	Ester	2–5%	Floral-rosy modifier; antispasmodic
Linalool	Acyclic monoterpenol	2–5%	Anxiolytic; sedative; anti-inflammatory; lower than Egyptian/Chinese
BOURBON NAMESAKE COMPOUND — highest of all grades; spicy-earthy-woody base modifier; definitive Bourbon authenticity marker; trace or absent in Chinese, trace in Egyptian		10-epi-γ-Eudesmol ★	Sesquiterpenol
Anti-inflammatory; antibacterial; earthy dry-down; **LOWEST of four grades		2-Phenylethyl tiglate ★★	Aromatic ester
Geranyl tiglate	Ester	1–3%	Rosy-spicy modifier
Menthone	Cyclic monoterpene ketone	1–4%	Cooling; antimicrobial
Caryophyllene oxide	Sesquiterpene oxide	1–4%	Anti-inflammatory; earthy-spicy; higher in Bourbon
p-Menthone	Cyclic monoterpene ketone	1–3%	Herbal modifier
Citronellyl tiglate	Ester	1–2%	Rosy-spicy modifier

Hồ Sơ Hương Thơm

Section 3 — Aroma & Perfumery Profile

Phân loại nốt

Middle note (with strong Middl

Cường độ

3/5

Độ bền trên da

5–10 hours; 18–24 hours on fabric; **BEST longevity of all four grades** — rose oxide + β-bourbonene + caryophyllene oxide combination provides superior fixation

Họ hương

[Primary: Floral-Rosy-Honeyed] [Secondary: Warm-Spicy / Subtle Green]

Rich honeyed-rosy, warm-sweet rose, transparent rosy-lychee (from rose oxide), green-floral heart, warm spicy-earthy dry-down, complex, full, "luxurious," "vintage," unmistakably "Bourbon" — this is the aroma that defined "rose geranium" in perfumery history; the "rosy warmth" and "honeyed richness" are uniquely Bourbon

Hoa hồng ấm mật ngọt – trong suốt vải lụa rose – xanh hoa cỏ nhẹ – ấm đất gia vị – phức hợp sang trọng; **phong cách "vintage luxury" và "warmth" khác biệt hoàn toàn so với ba grade còn lại; đây là hương "rose geranium cổ điển" trong ký ức của giới fine fragrance Grasse**

Kết hợp tốt với

FloralRose-ChypreFloral-AldehydicOriental-FloralFougèreGourmand-FloralWoodResin — Bourbon is uniquely versatile in classical AND modern perfumery structures; its richness bridges vintage and contemporary

Công Dụng Trị Liệu

Section 4 — Therapeutic Properties

Anti-aging / Collagen preservation

GEO vesicular cream: in vitro collagenase + elastase enzyme inhibition confirmed (PMC8452390, 2021); DPPH antioxidant capacity significantly higher than control; CLSM confirmed deep skin penetration; citronellol (32–45%) + rose oxide antioxidant synergy; rjptonline.org 2024 anti-aging review confirms geranium (citronellol + geraniol dominant) anti-inflammatory + antioxidant = anti-aging mechanism; **Bourbon grade's highest citronellol (32–45%) = theoretically strongest anti-aging benefit of all grades**. Ref: PMC8452390 (2021); rjptonline.org 2024

Anxiolytic / Stress-reduction

Class RCT evidence (all geranium grades): PMC10818376 2023 (LSS inhalation; pain/anxiety/stress ↓ P<0.001); PMC4484988 2015 (labour anxiety ↓ P=0.001); linalool + citronellol olfactory-limbic; rose oxide (1.3–3.5% — = Egyptian, both highest) may contribute additional hedonic/emotional dimension via olfactory pathway. Ref: PMC10818376; PMC4484988

PMS / Menstrual support

Grade A RCT class evidence (PMC6238350 2018); **Bourbon grade highest citronellol 32–45% → strongest phytoestrogen-adjacent + astringent action**; geraniol (5–12%) antispasmodic; 2-phenylethyl tiglate honey-rose note may increase compliance in therapeutic protocols. Ref: PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209

Antimicrobial / Antifungal

Citronellol (32–45% — HIGHEST) dominant antimicrobial; geraniol antifungal + antibacterial; PMC9459842 2022 confirms PGEO dermaprotective + antibacterial; PMC10489623 2023 antifungal vs *Candida* + dermatophytes. Ref: PMC9459842; PMC10489623

Antidepressant

Geraniol (5–12%) NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition (PMID 26454213); β-bourbonene earthy-grounding dimension adds additional limbic-calming quality; rose oxide hedonic value = emotional lift. Ref: PMID 26454213; PMID 29468757

Anti-inflammatory / Analgesic

Citronellol + geraniol + linalool anti-inflammatory; Nature Sci Rep 2025 PGEO-NE analgesic; **for PURE anti-inflammatory purposes, Egyptian (#026 — higher eudesmol) and Moroccan (#027) may offer slightly superior benefit; but Bourbon's citronellol volume compensates**. Ref: PMC12548295 (2025)

Skin brightening / Hyperpigmentation

Geraniol melanogenesis inhibition; citronellol antioxidant; 2-phenylethyl tiglate skin conditioning; rjptonline.org 2024 confirms geranium anti-aging + hyperpigmentation. Ref: rjptonline.org 2024

Tick / Acaricide repellent

PMC12849189 2025 — geranium EO acaricidal properties vs tick species; citronellol dominant repellent constituent. Ref: PMC12849189 (2025)

Tâm Lý & Năng Lượng

Section 5 — Emotional & Energetic Profile

Tâm trạng: Balancing + Deeply Uplifting + Nurturing/Comforting + Luxuriously Sensual — **Bourbon is the most emotionally "rich" and "warming" of all four grades**; while Chinese is "refreshing-balancing," Egyptian is "crisp-harmonising," Moroccan is "clarifying-purifying," Bourbon is uniquely **"nurturing-luxurious-heart-opening"**; the honeyed-rosy warmth creates a sense of being "held" emotionally; higher rose oxide concentration may enhance hedonic-emotional pleasure response via olfactory limbic pathway

Luxurious nurturingdeep emotional warmthheart-opening sensualityself-love and worthreleasing grief/loss with warmthfeminine power and elegancecomfort in vulnerability

Chakra: **Heart ★★★★★** (Anahata — unconditional love, compassion, self-worth; Bourbon is THE most Anahata-resonant EO in the geranium family — its warmth + honeyed-rosy = heart-opening per aromatherapy tradition); **Sacral ★★★★★** (Svadhisthana — sensuality, pleasure, emotional fluidity, hormonal cycles); Root ★★★☆☆ (β-bourbonene + caryophyllene oxide grounding dimension — deeper than other grades)

Ngũ hành: **Hỏa (Fire) ★★★★★** — Heart/Small Intestine; joy; love; connection; Bourbon's warm-rosy = Hỏa dương hỏa của tâm (Heart Fire harmony); **Mộc (Wood) ★★★★★** — Liver/Gallbladder qi; điều hòa huyết; sơ can giải uất; điều kinh; the standard Mộc element attribution for all geranium but Bourbon's "warmth" adds Hỏa dimension uniquely

Cách Dùng & Pha Chế

Section 6 — Application & Formulation

Diffusion (khuếch tán)

2–4 drops / 100ml — Bourbon is STRONGER in projection — reduce vs other grades; blend with sandalwood + bergamot for "luxury spa"; 30–45 min maximum due to intensity

Topical massage (massage)

2% dilution — ≈ 12 drops per 30ml sweet almond or jojoba; RCT-validated PMS protocol (PMC6238350); Bourbon highest aromatic impact at same dilution

Bath (tắm)

4–6 drops trong 1 tbsp milk carrier — REDUCE 1–2 drops vs other grades — Bourbon's higher citronellol = slightly more skin irritant at same doses; warm bath "luxury rose" experience

Inhalation (hít)

1–2 drops tissue / inhaler — 1 drop often sufficient — Bourbon's projection + longevity; 10–15 min; grief support + deep anxiety

Skincare

0.5–1.5% in face product — Lower max % than other grades due to high citronellol (32–45%) EU 26 allergen load; target 0.5–1% for sensitive face products; 1–1.5% in body products; ALWAYS perform patch test

Fine fragrance

1–5% in alcohol — Natural perfumery EDP/EDT; replace synthetic rose or extend rose absolute; Bourbon at 2–5% = excellent middle heart note

Luxury spa protocol

1.5% sweet almond + 0.5% rose absolute (30ml) — "Rose extender" protocol: 18 drops Bourbon + 2–3 drops rose absolute = near-luxury rose accord at fraction of cost

Phù Hợp Loại Da

Section 7 — Skin Type Suitability

Da dầu/mụn

Tốt — citronellol (32–45% — HIGHEST) = strongest astringent; antimicrobial; BUT: highest citronellol = MOST SENSITISING at same % → lower dilution (0.5–1%) for acne protocols; patch test always; excellent but requires careful dosing vs Chinese/Moroccan

Da khô

Xuất sắc — Bourbon's citronellol skin-conditioning + 2-phenylethyl tiglate emollient + caryophyllene oxide anti-inflammatory = outstanding dry skin benefit; 1–1.5% trong rosehip + marula; honey-rosy scent enhances luxury dry skin product positioning

Da hỗn hợp

Tốt — balancing but slightly LESS IDEAL than Chinese/Moroccan for combination skin due to highest citronellol; 1% trong jojoba; monitor T-zone carefully

Da nhạy cảm

MOST CAUTION OF ALL GRADES — highest citronellol (32–45%) = highest EU 26 allergen load; 24h patch test mandatory; start ≤0.5%; rose oxide (1.3–3.5%) also contributes to potential sensitisation; NOT recommended as first-choice for documented citronellol sensitivity

Da lão hóa

BEST GRADE for anti-aging — highest citronellol antioxidant + collagenase inhibition (PMC8452390); 2-phenylethyl tiglate emollient; caryophyllene oxide anti-inflammatory; 1–1.5% trong rosehip + marula or evening primrose; MOST luxurious anti-aging serum base

Da tăng sắc tố

Xuất sắc — citronellol (HIGHEST) + geraniol melanogenesis inhibition; rjptonline.org 2024 confirms geranium hyperpigmentation benefit; 1% trong rosehip + vitamin C booster; best grade for anti-dark-spot premium formulations

Viêm da cơ địa

CAUTION — REDUCED RATING vs other grades — highest citronellol = highest sensitisation risk in atopic skin; 0.3–0.5% MAX in eczema; Moroccan or Egyptian preferred for eczema applications; TRÁNH active flare absolutely

Da đầu/Tóc

Tốt — highest citronellol antimicrobial + antifungal; β-bourbonene adds fixation to hair fragrance; luxury hair care positioning; 1% trong argan/jojoba; BUT: watch for citronellol scalp sensitivity; Egyptian or Moroccan preferred if scalp eczema

An Toàn & Chống Chỉ Định

Section 8 — Safety

Giới hạn da tối đa

Xem chi tiết

IFRA Restriction

Chinese or Egyptian oils sold as "Bourbon" is extremely common globally, including in Vietnam. Authentication requires GC/MS: citronellol ≥32% + β-bourbonene ≥1.5% + rose oxide ≥1.3% = three-marker confirmation. Without GC/MS, any "Bourbon" claim is unverifiable. ISO 4731 specification exists but is not universally enforced in trade.

Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Caution

Tam cá nguyệt 2Caution

Tam cá nguyệt 3Caution

Giới hạn độ tuổi

- <3 tháng: AVOID absolutely

Tương tác thuốc

! Hypoglycaemics / Insulin:: Geraniol glucose-lowering (weaker signal in Bourbon due to lower geraniol 5–12%); less concern than Egyptian/Moroccan; monitor
! HRT / OCP / SERMs:: Phytoestrogen-adjacent; **LOWEST geraniol of four grades but HIGHEST citronellol** — net phytoestrogen-adjacent effect similar to other grades; consul
! Anticoagulants:: Geraniol antiplatelet; minimal at aromatherapy dilutions

Chống chỉ định

x Known allergy to citronellol, geraniol, or rose oxide
x Avoid undiluted topical — ESPECIALLY important for Bourbon (highest citronellol)
x Hormone-sensitive cancers: theoretical phytoestrogen concern; oncologist consultation
x Eczema / severely atopic skin: use Egyptian or Moroccan instead
x T1 abdominal massage, >1% topical

Kiểm tra chất lượng

- **Genuine Bourbon GC/MS — THREE PRIMARY AUTHENTICATION MARKERS:** - **Citronellol ≥32% (ISO 4731 target ≥37%)** ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER - **β-Bourbonene ≥1.5%** ✓ — DEFINITIVE BOURBON AUTHENTICATOR; absent/trace = non-Bourbon - **Rose oxide (cis + trans total) ≥1.3%** ✓ — HIGH-QUALITY Bourbon; <1.0% = suspect - Supporting markers: Citronellol:Geraniol ratio ≥3:1; 2-Phenylethyl tiglate ≥1%; Isomenthone 4–7% (if >10% = Chinese mislabelled) - **Adulteration risks — HIGHEST of all grades (premi

Bảo quản

Thủy tinh hổ phách màu tối; <20°C (refrigerate tại VN — many specialist oils); tránh UV + nhiệt; shelf life 3 năm kín (Bourbon's lower eudesmol/ester balance provides reasonable stability); 18–24 tháng đã mở; **rose oxide labile under heat/UV — refrigeration extends potency of Bourbon's signature ro

Bối Cảnh Việt Nam

Section 9 — VN Context

Nhập khẩu hoàn toàn**Imported Ultra-Premium ★★★★★** — không di sản VN; **"the holy grail" của geranium grades tại thị trường VN high-end; biểu tượng luxury trong aromatherapy và natural fragrance VN chuyên nghiệp**

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

- *Tinh dầu phong lữ thảo Bourbon* — kỹ thuật/phân biệt grade

Trong Y học cổ truyền VN

- KHÔNG có lịch sử YHCT truyền thống VN - **Trong cộng đồng aromatherapy chuyên nghiệp VN:** Bourbon là grade được "tôn vinh" nhất của geranium; 5-star spa cao cấp HN (Sofitel, Lotte, Pan Pacific) và HCM (Park Hyatt, Caravelle) thường chỉ định "Bourbon grade" trong premium treatment menu; một số natural perfumers VN chuyên dụng Bourbon cho rose accord và fine fragrance product lines - Tuy nhiên trong thị trường đại chúng VN: **nhiều sản phẩm label "Rose Geranium Bourbon" thực chất là Chinese

Mua hàng tại VN

- **Réunion artisan Bourbon:** Cực hiếm tại VN; 500,000–1,200,000+ VND/10ml; chủ yếu qua direct import hoặc Pháp-based suppliers; ít nhà phân phối VN có stock - **Madagascar Bourbon authentic (GC/MS verified):** 300,000–800,000 VND/10–30ml; tìm được qua: Tisserand Aromatherapy distributors VN; some specialist organic EO importers; các nhà phân phối EU organic brands - **CẢNH BÁO LỚN NHẤT TRONG DATABASE:** Bourbon là grade bị giả mạo / mislabel NHIỀU NHẤT và NGUY HIỂM NHẤT vì: 1. Giá cao

Tài Liệu Tham Khảo

Section 10 — References

[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. *Essential Oil Safety*, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2014. Geranium oil pp. 280–283; Citronellol (allergen) p. 175; Geraniol p. 199

[ISO specification] ISO 4731:2012 — Geranium oil, Bourbon type (*Pelargonium x asperum* Ehrenb. ex Willd.); citronellol ≥37%, geraniol + nerol ≥6%, rose oxide ≥0.1%

[GC/MS authentication] acgpubs.org 2018 — Stereochemical comparison geranium oils (China, Réunion/Bourbon, Morocco, Egypt, Australia): rose oxide stereoisomers; β-bourbonene authenticity

[GC/MS fingerprinting] dergipark.org.tr 2022 — Chemical fingerprinting PGEO GC-MS 37 compounds; rose oxide B 3.86%, citronellol 30.68%, geraniol 9.68%, citronellyl formate 9.90%; linalool 4.23%

[GC/MS review 2025] Pharmacia 2025 (pharmacia.pensoft.net) — Recent studies PGEO: citronellol 29.90%, trans-geraniol 18.03%, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol 8.27%, isomenthone 5.44%, linalool 5.13%

[GC/MS Madagascar Bourbon] robustmadagascar.com (2026) — Madagascar Bourbon chemotype: high citronellol + rose oxide + β-bourbonene; Antsirabe terroir; ISO 4731 compliance

[GC/MS comprehensive] PMC7122831 (2019) — Phytochemical composition + biological effects PGEO comprehensive review

[GC/MS multi-stage] PMC9459842 (2022) — PGEO chemical profiling antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermaprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial

[Anti-aging evidence] PMC8452390 (2021) — GEO/CEO vesicular cream: collagenase + elastase inhibition in vitro; DPPH antioxidant; CLSM deep penetration

[Anti-aging review] rjptonline.org 2024 — Natural EOs for anti-aging review: geranium (citronellol + geraniol) anti-inflammatory + antioxidant + hyperpigmentation

[Dermatology review] jintegrativederm.org (2025) — EOs in dermatology: LGEO cytokine inhibition + antioxidant in human cell lines

[PMS RCT] PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (2018) — Grade A RCT PMS massage 2% sweet almond n=120 P<0.001

[Anxiety RCT] PMC10818376 (2023); PMC4484988 (2015)

[Antifungal] PMC10489623 (2023)

[Antidepressant] PMID 26454213 (2015); PMID 29468757 (2018)

[Acaricidal] PMC12849189 (2025)

[Smooth muscle] PMC12548295 (2025)

[History Réunion] en.reunion.fr — "Bourbon Geranium"; Grasse perfumers + Réunion history; introduced ~1870–1880

[History Grasse] lesourceur.com (2024) — Geranium Bourbon history; Grasse cultivation; rose substitute origin

[Perfumery use] pairfum.com (2025) — Geranium Bourbon perfumery: sweet-rosy-soft; woody-citrusy pairings

[History Madagascar] robustmadagascar.com (2026) — Réunion → Madagascar transition; Antsirabe highlands; modern Bourbon gold standard

[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS HIGH (ISO standard + multiple peer-reviewed + COA sources + historical authentication studies); Safety HIGH (Tisserand + IFRA); Clinical HIGH (Grade A RCT PMS; multiple Grade B RCT); Perfumery HIGH (Grasse historical record + contemporary fine fragrance industry documentation); VN context MODERATE (market/pricing 2024–2026 data)

Thông tin chỉ mang tính tham khảo, không thay thế tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp. SYMELab v1.0