Nhận Diện
Section 1 — Identification
- Danh pháp khoa học
- *Pelargonium x asperum* Ehrh. ex Willd. (syn. *Pelargonium graveolens* L'Hér. ex Aiton — commercial INCI/trade name; CAS 8000-46-2)
- Họ thực vật
- Geraniaceae
- Bộ phận dùng
- Fresh aerial parts (leaves + stems + flower buds) — 2 harvests/year: first cut May–June (spring, at
- Phương pháp chiết xuất
- Steam distillation of fresh/partially dried aerial herbage; traditional Egyptian distillation using
- Màu sắc
- Pale yellow to amber-yellow; slightly deeper colour than Chinese grade; mobile liquid; some batches have a very faint greenish tinge in fresh-distilled material
- Phân loại nốt hương
- Middle note
- Hương thơm
- Middle note; complex rosy-floral with notable "citrus-sharpness" and "clean green" character; intermediate between Bourbon (richer, more honeyed-rosy) and Chinese (greener, mintier); distinctive citrus-clean topnote from citronellol + rose oxide combination; geraniol-forward midnote adds warm honeyed-floral depth; dries down to soft green-woody-earthy base; more elegant and less "heavy" than Bourbon; more refined and more "rosy" than Chinese
- Chemotype / Cultivar
- Egyptian chemotype — distinct GC/MS identity from Chinese (Entry #025) and Bourbon (Réunion):
- Các quốc gia sản xuất chính
- Egypt ★★★★★ (Beni-SuefEl-Qantara SharqEl-Sadat City — ~40 MT/year; second largest global producer); China ★★★★★ (~80–110 MT/year — largest); Morocco ★★★☆☆; Réunion (Bourbon) ★★★☆☆ (premiumlow volume); Madagascar ★★☆☆☆; India ★★★☆☆
- Tình trạng tại Việt Nam
- ⭐⭐⭐★☆ — imported; Egyptian grade is available from specialist aromatherapy suppliers and online platforms in Vietnam; slightly harder to find and more expensive than Chinese grade; price range: 150,000–450,000 VND / 10–30ml for authentic Egyptian grade; significant mislabelling on VN market (Chinese sold as Egyptian); GC/MS certificate required
Thành Phần Hóa Học
Section 2 — Chemical Composition (GC/MS)
| Cấu tử | Nhóm | % | Tác dụng |
|---|---|---|---|
| Citronellol ★★★ DOMINANT | Acyclic monoterpenol | 25–36% | Rose-floral odorant; antimicrobial; antifungal; anti-inflammatory; EU 26 allergen; defines rosy character |
| Geraniol | Acyclic monoterpenol | 10–22% | Antidepressant (NF-κB/NLRP3); antifungal; analgesic; antioxidant; EU 26 allergen; **notably higher % than Bourbon** |
| Linalool | Acyclic monoterpenol | 6–12% | Anxiolytic (GABAergic), sedative, anti-inflammatory; **higher in Egyptian vs Chinese (4–10%)** |
| Citronellyl formate | Ester | 4–8% | Fresh rose-floral odorant modifier; antispasmodic; skin soothing; **intermediate between Chinese (6–11%) and Bourbon (5–9%)** |
| 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol | Sesquiterpenol | 3–8% | Anti-inflammatory; grounding earthy note; antibacterial; **characteristic Egyptian/Indian marker** |
| Isomenthone | Cyclic monoterpene ketone | 3–7% | Minty-herbal character; antimicrobial; **lower than Chinese (5–10%)** |
| (Z)-Rose Oxide | Cyclic ether (terpenoid oxide) | 1.0–2.5% | Rosy-lychee odorant; **HIGHER than Chinese (0.3–0.8%)** → more refined rosy character; key quality differentiation marker |
| Geranyl formate | Ester | 2–6% | Floral-rosy modifier; quality marker |
| Geranyl tiglate | Ester | 1–3% | Rosy-spicy modifier; **Egyptian-specific marker**; higher than Chinese or Bourbon |
| Citronellyl acetate | Ester | 1–3% | Rosy-floral sweetness |
| 2-Phenylethyl tiglate | Aromatic ester | 1–2% | Honey-rose modifier; **Egyptian specific** — rarely reported in Chinese grade |
| Geranyl acetate | Ester | 0.5–2% | Floral sweetness; lavender-like |
Hồ Sơ Hương Thơm
Section 3 — Aroma & Perfumery Profile
Rose-floral, citrus-sharp, clean-green, slightly herbal, warm honey-floral midnote, refined, versatile; more elegant than Chinese; less rich-heavy than Bourbon; "crisp rose"
Hoa hồng sắc nét – sạch tươi – chanh nhẹ – ấm-mật hoa – xanh tinh tế; không quá nồng như Bourbon, không quá thảo mộc như Chinese; **grade thương mại được ưa chuộng nhất trong perfumery hiện đại**
Kết hợp tốt với
Công Dụng Trị Liệu
Section 4 — Therapeutic Properties
Geranium aromatherapy massage (2% in sweet almond) significantly reduced BOTH physical AND psychological PMS symptoms vs massage alone and control (P<0.001); mechanism proposed: increased cerebral blood flow, improved depression, metabolic balance restoration; geraniol phytoestrogen-adjacent activity + adrenal support. Ref: PMC6238350 / PMID 30533209 (RCT n=120)
RCT confirmed GEO inhalation reduces anxiety-VAS (p=0.001), stress-VAS (p<0.001), and pain-VAS (p<0.001) in LSS patients; first-stage labour RCT: anxiety VAS reduction (P=0.001); linalool (6–12% — HIGHEST of all geranium grades) GABAergic mechanism + citronellol olfactory-limbic. Ref: PMC10818376 (2023 RCT); PMC4484988 (2015 RCT)
Geraniol (10–22% — notably high in Egyptian) antidepressant in CUMS model; NF-κB + NLRP3 inhibition; IL-1β reduction; serotonergic pathway (*P. roseum* model). Ref: PMID 26454213; PMID 29468757
Research indicates geranium oil potentially influences salivary estrogen levels; adrenal cortex support proposed; geraniol's structural similarity to steroid precursors; clinical PMS trial confirms systemic hormonal effect of geranium massage. Ref: PMC6238350; livelyliving.com.au review 2025; naturalingredient.org data sheet
PGEO nanoemulsion: central + peripheral anti-nociceptive + anti-inflammatory confirmed in vivo; 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol (3–8% — highest of all geranium grades) NF-κB inhibition; citronellol COX-1/2 modulation. Ref: Nature Sci Rep 2025 (DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-00722-y); PMC10489623
Citronellol + geraniol + linalool inhibit *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa*, *C. albicans* in vitro; synergy with antibiotics confirmed; 10-epi-γ-eudesmol additional antibacterial contribution at Egyptian levels. Ref: PMC10489623; PMC3539951
Geraniol potently inhibits dermatophytes + *Candida*; Egyptian grade benefits from both geraniol (10–22%) AND 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (3–8%) dual antifungal activity; relevant for nail/scalp/skin fungal conditions. Ref: PMC10489623; PMC10778218
Citronellol promotes collagen synthesis; geraniol cell-regenerative; traditional Egyptian topical use for wounds; 10-epi-γ-eudesmol barrier-supportive. Ref: PMC7120831 review; traditional use across production regions
Citronellol (25–36%) astringent on skin; reduces sebum; tissue-tightening effect; historically used to stop minor bleeding; relevant for oily skin and seborrhoeic conditions. Ref: PMC7120831
Tâm Lý & Năng Lượng
Section 5 — Emotional & Energetic Profile
Tâm trạng: Balancing + Uplifting + Hormonal-harmonising (Egyptian grade chia sẻ core balancing quality của Chinese [Entry #025] nhưng có thêm refined rosy-uplifting elevation từ rose oxide cao hơn; đặc biệt mạnh cho hormone-linked emotional disturbances — PMS, perimenopause, postnatal; cân bằng cả trên và dưới — uplift khi buồn bã và calming khi overactivated)
Chakra: Heart Chakra ★★★★★ (Anahata — love, balance, compassion, joy — primacy of all geranium species as Heart oil; Egyptian's refined rosy quality deepens Heart quality); Sacral Chakra ★★★★★ (Svadhisthana — hormonal cycle, creative flow, feminine sensuality; Egyptian's PMS RCT evidence is direct clinical support for Sacral-Heart axis work); Solar Plexus ★★★☆☆ (Manipura — confidence through balance)
Ngũ hành: **Mộc (Wood) ★★★★★** — Liver/Gallbladder qi regulation; điều hòa Can khí uất (emotional tension, PMS, hormonal stagnation); giải uất, điều huyết, sơ Can; **Hỏa (Fire) ★★★★☆** — Heart harmonising; joy; shen clarity; the rosy-uplifting quality aligns with Heart fire nourishment
Cách Dùng & Pha Chế
Section 6 — Application & Formulation
Phù Hợp Loại Da
Section 7 — Skin Type Suitability
Xuất sắc — citronellol astringent + antimicrobial + sebum-regulating; 1% trong jojoba; Egyptian grade's linalool (6–12%) thêm anti-inflammatory advantage cho acne; toner additive 2–3 drops/100ml hydrosol/witch hazel
Tốt — citronellol (25–36%) skin-conditioning; linalool (6–12%) anti-inflammatory + barrier support; 1.5–2% trong rosehip; combine với argan cho intensive dry skin serum
Lý tưởng — "balancing" nature + sebum regulation on T-zone + conditioning on dry zones; Egyptian's sharper-cleaner profile better for combination vs Chinese's heavier green-herbal; 1–1.5% trong jojoba
THẬN TRỌNG — citronellol + geraniol = EU 26 allergens; patch test 24h bắt buộc; ≤0.5–1% trong leave-on; Egyptian slightly higher rose oxide = marginally more allergen risk vs Chinese for sensitized individuals; note rose oxide is separately registered as potential sensitiser
Xuất sắc — astringent + collagen-supportive + antioxidant + cytophylactic; 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (3–8%, HIGHEST of grades) adds distinctive anti-aging benefit; 1.5–2% trong rosehip + argan evening serum; anti-wrinkle + firming + toning
Tốt — geraniol melanogenesis inhibition (indirect antioxidant pathway) + 10-epi-γ-eudesmol; kết hợp 1–1.5% geranium Egyptian + rosehip (50%) + vitamin C serum; more eudesmol benefit than Chinese grade
Tốt khi remission — linalool 6–12% (highest of grades) + geraniol anti-inflammatory + antimicrobial synergy; 0.5–1% trong hemp seed + jojoba blend; TRÁNH active flare; citronellol patch test prior
Tuyệt vời — geraniol (10–22%, high) + citronellol dual antifungal vs *Malassezia* (dandruff); 10-epi-γ-eudesmol antibacterial; sebum regulation; rose oxide adds sophisticated fragrance to hair products; 1–2% trong jojoba/argan scalp serum; 0.5% trong leave-in conditioner
An Toàn & Chống Chỉ Định
Section 8 — Safety
Giới hạn da tối đa
Xem chi tiết
IFRA Restriction
YES — citronellol and geraniol individually restricted per IFRA 51; product-level geranium EO restriction calculated per batch citronellol + geraniol content; typical Egyptian batch: geraniol alone at 15% in oil means IFRA limits become relevant at >13% EO in finished product (not an issue at standard aromatherapy dilutions of 1–3%)
Thai kỳ & Cho con bú
Giới hạn độ tuổi
- Sơ sinh <3 tháng: AVOID
Tương tác thuốc
- ! Hypoglycaemic medications / Insulin:: Geraniol demonstrated glucose-lowering effects preclinically; monitor blood glucose especially with high-dose topical use + antidiabetic medications;
- ! Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) / Oral contraceptives / SERM:: Geraniol phytoestrogen-adjacent activity; geranium may theoretically modulate estrogen signalling; not contraindicated but note additive estrogen-like
- ! Anticoagulants:: Geraniol mild antiplatelet activity; not clinically significant at standard aromatherapy use
- ! Antidepressants (SSRIs):: Serotonergic synergy theoretical; generally not contraindicated but note
Chống chỉ định
- x Anticoagulants:
- x Antidepressants (SSRIs):
- x Known allergy to citronellol, geraniol, or rose oxide
- x Avoid undiluted topical — always dilute
- x Atopic dermatitis active flare — multiple contact sensitisers present
- x Pregnancy T1: avoid abdominal massage + concentrations >1%
- x Hormone-sensitive cancers (breast, ovarian, uterine): theoretical phytoestrogen concern; consult oncologist before use with known hormone-sensitive conditions
Kiểm tra chất lượng
- **Genuine Egyptian:** Pale yellow to amber-yellow; mobile liquid; fresh rose-floral with citrus-sharp character and warmer midnote than Chinese; GC/MS MUST confirm: - Citronellol 25–36% ✓ - Geraniol 10–22% ✓ - Rose oxide (total cis + trans) **1.3–3.5%** — CRITICAL Egyptian marker (Chinese <0.8%, Bourbon 1.3–3.5%) - 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol **≥3%** — characteristic Egyptian/Indian marker - Geranyl tiglate ≥1% — Egyptian specific - 2-Phenylethyl tiglate ≥1% — Egyptian specific; absence = no
Bảo quản
Thủy tinh hổ phách hoặc aluminium; <25°C (refrigerate tại VN); avoid light + heat; shelf life 2–3 năm kín; 12–18 tháng đã mở; rose oxide labile under heat/UV → refrigeration extends quality; Egyptian grade benefits MORE from careful storage than Chinese due to higher rose oxide ---
Bối Cảnh Việt Nam
Section 9 — VN Context
Vùng trồng / sản xuất tại VN
** Không có vùng sản xuất trong nước
Tên gọi tại Việt Nam
Trong Y học cổ truyền VN
- KHÔNG có lịch sử YHCT truyền thống VN - **Hiện đại:** Được coi là "premium tier" trong cộng đồng aromatherapy VN chuyên nghiệp so với Chinese grade; nhiều spa cao cấp Hà Nội/HCM chỉ dùng Egyptian hoặc Bourbon grade cho signature treatment - **DIY formulator community VN:** Egyptian grade được ưa chuộng cho PMS/hormonal blends và high-quality skincare serum; được coi là "best value for professional results" — không đắt như Bourbon nhưng chất lượng thơm và rose oxide cao hơn Chinese - **Sk
Mua hàng tại VN
- Egyptian grade: 150,000–450,000 VND / 10–30ml tại suppliers chuyên biệt Hà Nội/HCM (đắt hơn Chinese 1.5–3× nhưng rẻ hơn Bourbon 2–4×) - **CẢNH BÁO:** Chinese grade thường được bán là "Egyptian" trên thị trường VN; luôn yêu cầu GC/MS xác nhận rose oxide ≥1.3% + geranyl tiglate presence - Nhập khẩu: Trực tiếp từ Egypt hoặc qua European fragrance ingredient houses; ultra International B.V., Lisha Essential Oils là ví dụ suppliers quốc tế với Egyptian EO authentic - France và USA là những nư
Tài Liệu Tham Khảo
Section 10 — References
Thông tin chỉ mang tính tham khảo, không thay thế tư vấn y tế chuyên nghiệp. SYMELab v1.0