Chamomile Roman / Roman Chamomile / English Chamomile (Tinh dầu cúc La Mã / Tinh dầu hoa cúc La Mã (cúc anh đào La Mã))

Nhận Diện

Section 1 — Identification

Danh pháp khoa học: *Chamaemelum nobile* (L.) All. (syn. *Anthemis nobilis* L.; INCI accepted name: *Anthemis nobilis* flower oil; CAS 8015-92-7)
Họ thực vật: Asteraceae (Compositae)
Bộ phận dùng: Flower heads — "double" cultivar flower heads (mostly ray florets); harvested at full bloom June–Aug
Phương pháp chiết xuất: Steam distillation; traditional copper or stainless steel stills; short distillation time (1.5–2.5 h
Màu sắc: Pale blue to pale blue-green (fresh distillate, trace chamazulene); fades to pale yellow or colourless on storage; water-white to pale golden in older batches; **significantly less blue than German chamomile** (which is intensely navy-blue)
Phân loại nốt hương: Middle note
Hương thơm: Middle note (fading into Base note depth); **the most "complex," "fruity-apple-herbal" and "surprisingly intense" EO in this database relative to its delicate reputation**; opening: fresh apple-fruity, sweet-herbaceous; heart: warm chamomile-herbal, honey-sweet, straw-like; dry-down: warm woody-balsamic; **CRITICAL NOTE: Roman chamomile EO smells very different from Roman chamomile TEA — the tea (chamomile herb infusion) is gentle, floral-sweet; the EO is intensely fruity-herbal-apple-medicinal**; this catches first-time users off-guard; dilution critical for pleasant results
Chemotype / Cultivar: Single species — no formally named CT; however, two key commercial types:
Các quốc gia sản xuất chính: **England ★★★★☆** (traditional origin — "Mitcham" style; Surrey/Kent/Essex); **Belgium ★★★★★** (largest modern European producer; highly standardised cultivation); **France ★★★★☆** (Anjou region; premium quality); **Morocco ★★★★☆** (significant volumecost-competitive); Hungary ★★★☆☆; Egypt ★★★☆☆; Argentina ★★★☆☆
Tình trạng tại Việt Nam: ⭐★★★☆ — imported; **RAREST and MOST EXPENSIVE single-herb EO in this entire database** relative to other common oils; 200,000–800,000 VND/5–10ml for authentic Roman chamomile EO (5ml often the most common sold unit due to price); German chamomile often sold as "chamomile" at much lower price — critical to distinguish; significant quality variation; **authentic Roman chamomile is one of the most frequently adulterated single-ingredient EOs due to high price**; VN specialist aromatherapy importers carry stock; request GC/MS

Thành Phần Hóa Học

Section 2 — Chemical Composition (GC/MS)

Cấu tử	Nhóm	%	Tác dụng
DEFINING ROMAN CHAMOMILE COMPOUND; apple-fruity-herbaceous odorant; anti-spasmodic; sedative-relaxing via ester class; antimicrobial; **most abundant compound in Roman chamomile EO globally		2-Methylbutyl angelate ★★★	Aliphatic ester (angelate)
Isoamyl angelate	Aliphatic ester (angelate)	4–17%	Apple-fruity; complex ester character
Isoamyl isobutyrate	Aliphatic ester (isobutyrate)	8–16%	Fruity; sedative ester class
Methallyl angelate	Aliphatic ester (angelate)	5–12%	Complex fruity modifier; Roman chamomile specific
Isobutyl isobutyrate	Aliphatic ester (isobutyrate)	3–8%	Fruity; antispasmodic
Isoamyl tiglate	Aliphatic ester (tiglate)	8–20%	Sweet-fruity; antispasmodic
Propyl tiglate	Aliphatic ester (tiglate)	3–12%	Sweet ester modifier
trans-Pinocarveol	Bicyclic monoterpene alcohol	3–6%	Antimicrobial; anti-inflammatory
Caryophyllene	Sesquiterpene	1–3%	Anti-inflammatory; analgesic
α-Pinene	Monoterpene	1–3%	Antimicrobial; anti-inflammatory
Myrcene	Monoterpene	1–3%	Analgesic; anti-inflammatory
Limonene	Monoterpene	0.5–2%	Antimicrobial; mood-uplifting

Hồ Sơ Hương Thơm

Section 3 — Aroma & Perfumery Profile

Phân loại nốt

Middle note (with Top note fre

Cường độ

3/5

Độ bền trên da

3–6 hours (esters tend to be more volatile than terpenols); 6–12 hours on fabric; good fixation at base note level from pinocarveol + caryophyllene minor components

Họ hương

[Primary: Herbal-Apple-Fruity] [Secondary: Sweet-Floral-Medicinal / Warm-Straw-Honey]

Fresh apple-fruity, sweet-herbaceous, warm straw-honey, slightly medicinal-chamomile, complex and surprisingly intense; **entirely different from German chamomile (which is deeply blue-medicinal-azulenic) and from chamomile tea aroma**

Táo tươi ngọt-thảo dược – ấm rơm mật ong – thảo dược cúc La Mã – hơi dược thảo – phức tạp và mạnh hơn bạn nghĩ; **KHÁC HOÀN TOÀN với hương cúc La Mã trong trà herbal** — EO đậm và sắc hơn nhiều

Kết hợp tốt với

Floral (softens and adds complexity)Citrus (bergamotneroli — excellent)Herb (lavenderclary sage)Wood (cedarwoodsandalwood)Resin (frankincense) — **Roman chamomile is a "high-value modifier"** in perfumery — used in small amounts (0.5–2%) to add apple-fruity complexity to floral and herbal accords; its intensity means it's rarely used as a primary note

Blend kinh điển

Neroli + Roman Chamomile— premium formulation

Công Dụng Trị Liệu

Section 4 — Therapeutic Properties

Anxiolytic / Sedative

**BEST EVIDENCE IN DATABASE FOR ANXIETY AND SLEEP (aromatherapy inhalation route):** PMID 31006899 meta-analysis (12 RCTs) — chamomile significant improvement in GAD (HAM-A scale MD = -1.43 P=0.007 at 2 weeks; MD = -1.79 P=0.0097 at 4 weeks); sleep quality significantly improved (SMD = -0.73, 95% CI [-1.23, -0.23], P<0.005); PMC10763144 2024 RCT — aromatherapy chamomile EO in ACS hospitalized patients: anxiety ↓ (intervention: -5.2±1.9 vs placebo -1±1.18 P<0.001); PMC11109927 2024 systematic review confirms chamomile anxiolytic effect; darwin-nutrition.fr: 56 coronary patients stent placement — chamomile + lavender + neroli blend aromatherapy → anxiety ↓ + sleep quality ↑; **isobutyl angelate (25–40%) antispasmodic + ester-class sedative mechanism + possible apigenin HPA axis modulation**. Ref: PMID 31006899; PMC11109927; PMC10763144

Anti-inflammatory (topical)

PMC12269088 2025 meta-analysis (RCTs) — chamomile significant reduction in pain and mucosal inflammation (statistically significant p<0.05); effective in wound healing + epithelialization (Glowania double-blind 14 patients: chamomile faster wound healing than corticosteroids); chamomile extract more effective than corticosteroids in complete wound healing speed (Martins et al. 2009); chamazulene (trace) + caryophyllene + alpha-pinene + isobutyl angelate anti-inflammatory synergy; PMC10785696 2024 (MCEO — German chamomile but mechanism applicable) PI3K/Akt/mTOR + p38MAPK pathway inhibition. Ref: PMC12269088; PMC9822300

Antispasmodic / Smooth muscle relaxant

Isobutyl angelate (25–40%) + entire angelate/tiglate ester complex = powerful antispasmodic; **mechanism: esters hydrolyse to aliphatic alcohols + organic acids → smooth muscle Ca²⁺ channel inhibition**; IBS, dysmenorrhoea, digestive cramping, muscle tension; supported by PMC9611340 2022 comprehensive review. Ref: PMC9611340

Sedative / Sleep promotion

PMID 31006899 meta-analysis: significant sleep quality improvement; darwin-nutrition.fr: coronary patients — chamomile blend → better sleep quality; **ester-dominant profile contributes to parasympathetic activation**; traditionally "the premier children's calming EO" (with appropriate dilution). Ref: PMID 31006899; PMC11109927

Antimicrobial

Isobutyl angelate active vs *S. aureus* and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*; moderate vs *C. albicans*; *Salmonella* + *E. coli* inhibition (darwin-nutrition.fr, 2024); PMC9611340 confirms antimicrobial; weaker than more monoterpene-rich oils (tea tree, oregano). Ref: PMC9611340; darwin-nutrition.fr 2024

Skin wound healing

Chamomile extract double-blind: wound healing (5.3 days chamomile vs 6.3 days antibiotic); epithelialization promotion; topical chamomile oil eczema relief (PMC9611340); anti-inflammatory + antimicrobial + tissue-regenerative combination; herbapolonica.pl review confirms skin benefits. Ref: PMC12269088; PMC9611340; PMC9822300

Analgesic

PMC12269088 meta-analysis: significant pain reduction vs control; caryophyllene CB2 agonist mechanism; myrcene analgesic. Ref: PMC12269088

Asthma / Respiratory antispasmodic

Darwin-nutrition.fr: 54 chronic asthmatic patients — chamomile inhalation 100mg/kg 21 days → airway relaxation + improved respiratory function; antispasmodic mechanism on bronchial smooth muscle. Ref: darwin-nutrition.fr 2024

Tâm Lý & Năng Lượng

Section 5 — Emotional & Energetic Profile

Tâm trạng: Deeply Calming + Sedative + Emotionally Soothing + Inner-Child Healing — **Roman chamomile is the premier "nervous system reset" oil in this database**; distinguished from lavender (which calms AND uplifts): Roman chamomile moves toward **deep stillness, release of resistance, surrendering tension**; particularly indicated when the nervous system is "stuck" in hyperarousal (anxiety, insomnia, overthinking, somatic tension); the ester-dominant chemistry (55–75% esters) is the most antispasmodic, most sedative chemical class in aromatherapy — and Roman chamomile has THE highest ester % of any widely-used therapeutic EO; **"the child's oil"** — gentleness of mechanism combined with potency of effect makes it uniquely suited to all ages when properly diluted

Inner child healingreleasing resistancedeep nervous system calmsoothing anxiety spiralsgentleness with selfemotional safetyreleasing held tension from bodyacceptance

Chakra: **Solar Plexus ★★★★★** (Manipura — tension release; "letting go" of control anxiety; digestive-nervous center; the EO physically addresses this center via antispasmodic on digestive smooth muscle + nervous system calming); **Sacral ★★★★☆** (Svadhisthana — emotional fluidity; releasing emotional holding; "inner child"); **Throat ★★★★☆** (Vishuddha — expressing suppressed emotions; releasing "stuck" voice; chamomile tea + EO both associated with speaking truth gently); Heart ★★★★☆ (Anahata — compassion + gentleness)

Ngũ hành: **Thổ (Earth) ★★★★★** — Spleen/Stomach; digestive center; rumination; overthinking; **Thổ-Mộc tension** (Earth overacting on Wood → digestive-emotional cramping = Roman chamomile's prime therapeutic target); **Kim (Metal) ★★★★☆** — Lung/Large Intestine; grief held in body; releasing; the "letting go" quality of chamomile; Five Element practitioners often use Roman chamomile for Lung qi grief protocols

Cách Dùng & Pha Chế

Section 6 — Application & Formulation

Diffusion (khuếch tán)

1–3 drops / 100ml — REDUCE dose — Roman chamomile is STRONG; 1 drop + 3 drops lavender = anxiety/sleep blend; 30–45 min; children's room: 1 drop max

Topical massage (massage)

0.5–2% dilution — 3–12 drops per 30ml; adults: 2%; children 3–10yr: 0.5–1%; never undiluted; sweet almond or jojoba; PMS abdominal 1.5% + clary sage

Bath (tắm)

3–5 drops in carrier — Pre-dilute in full fat milk or jojoba; 3 drops = adult; 1–2 drops in baby bath (>6 months, diluted); wind-down evening bath

Inhalation (hít)

1 drop tissue / inhaler — Acutely calming; anxiety attack first-aid; 1 drop = sufficient; 5–10 min; lavender + chamomile inhaler = clinical anxiety protocol

Skincare

0.5–1% in face product — 3–6 drops per 30ml; sensitive/reactive skin; eczema relief serum; wound healing cream; 1% maximum leave-on sensitive skin

Children / Infant

0.1–0.5% — 0.1% for <2yr (IFRA guideline; after medical clearance); 0.3–0.5% age 2–10yr; diffusion preferred over topical for infants

Compress

2–3 drops in 500ml warm water — Abdominal compress for IBS cramps; facial compress for skin soothing

Phù Hợp Loại Da

Section 7 — Skin Type Suitability

Da dầu/mụn

Tốt — antimicrobial (isobutyl angelate vs *S. aureus*); anti-inflammatory; 0.5–1% trong jojoba; helps reduce inflammation around breakouts; not primarily astringent like geranium but very gentle anti-bacterial + calming

Da khô

Xuất sắc — anti-inflammatory + soothing; high ester content skin-conditioning; 0.5–1% trong calendula macerate or rosehip; warm straw-sweet aroma pleasant in rich face balm

Da hỗn hợp

Tốt — calming T-zone redness + oiliness while conditioning dry zones; 0.5–1% trong jojoba; appropriate for most combination skin formulations

Da lão hóa

Tốt — anti-inflammatory + antioxidant + skin conditioning; 0.5–1% trong rosehip + marula; not as strongly anti-aging as geranium Bourbon but excellent "calming-anti-inflammatory" dimension for mature sensitive skin

Da tăng sắc tố

Trung bình — limited specific depigmenting action; gentle anti-inflammatory may help post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation indirectly; 0.5% trong rosehip + vitamin C as supporting ingredient

Da đầu/Tóc

Trung bình — calming itchy/irritated scalp; anti-inflammatory + antimicrobial; soothing dandruff; 0.5–1% trong jojoba scalp serum; Roman chamomile "brightens" blonde hair in rinse applications (folk tradition); không có tác dụng mạnh như geranium family cho scalp antifungal

An Toàn & Chống Chỉ Định

Section 8 — Safety

Giới hạn da tối đa

No specific published dermal maximum cited for Roman chamomile (unlike geranium which has citronellol limits);

IFRA Restriction

Roman chamomile oil (

Thai kỳ & Cho con bú

Tam cá nguyệt 1Avoid

Tam cá nguyệt 2Essential

Tam cá nguyệt 3Essential

Giới hạn độ tuổi

- <3 tháng: AVOID ALL topical; diffusion maximum 1 drop very large ventilated space

Tương tác thuốc

! CNS depressants / Sedatives / Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, opioids):: Additive CNS depressant effect; Roman chamomile at high aromatherapy doses may potentiate sedation; standard diffusion unlikely to cause significant i
! Anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin):: Chamomile contains coumarin derivatives (particularly in herbal form; less in EO); theoretical mild anticoagulant potentiation; not significant at aro
! CYP450 enzymes:: In vitro chamomile extract inhibition of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4; theoretical drug metabolism interaction at oral doses; aromatherapy topical/inhalation: no
! Antiepileptics:: Caryophyllene CB2 activity — theoretical; no documented clinical interaction at aromatherapy doses

Chống chỉ định

x Max dermal % (Tisserand & Young):
x IFRA restriction:
x No phototoxicity
x Breastfeeding:
x Rationale: PMC7956842 (2021) — antispasmodic/uterotonic ester concern; darwin-nutrition.fr contraindications: "contraindicated in pregnant women"; Tisserand & Young recommend avoidance T1;
x <3 tháng: AVOID ALL topical; diffusion maximum 1 drop very large ventilated space
x 3 tháng – 6 tháng: Diffusion only (1 drop); avoid topical
x 6 tháng – 2 tuổi: Topical maximum 0.1–0.2% (2 drops/30ml carrier); diffusion 1 drop/large room
x 2–6 tuổi: 0.3–0.5% topical; 1–2 drops diffusion;
x 6–12 tuổi: 0.5–1% topical; standard children's dosing
x 12+: Standard adult with patch test
x (darwin-nutrition.fr: "Children up to 12 years: contraindicated" — this is a conservative French standard for NEAT/undiluted oral or high-dose use; properly diluted aromatherapy for children is widely
x CNS depressants / Sedatives / Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, opioids):
x Anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin):
x CYP450 enzymes:
x Antiepileptics:
x Known Compositae/Asteraceae allergy (ragweed, chrysanthemum, feverfew, arnica) — ABSOLUTE for topical; patch test before first use
x Pregnancy T1 (AVOID) — uterotonic ester concern
x Known allergy to chamomile herb/tea
x Pre-surgical sedation protocol (may potentiate CNS depression)

Kiểm tra chất lượng

- **Genuine Roman Chamomile GC/MS authentication:** - **Isobutyl angelate ≥25%** ✓ — PRIMARY MARKER - **Total esters ≥55%** ✓ - **Chamazulene ≤1%** ✓ (>5% = German chamomile contamination/mislabelling) - 2-Methylbutyl angelate 12–22% ✓ - Isoamyl isobutyrate 8–16% ✓ - Isoamyl tiglate 8–20% ✓ - **COLOUR:** Pale blue → pale yellow = authentic (NOT deep navy blue = German chamomile) - **Adulteration risks — VERY HIGH (most expensive common herbal EO):** - German chamomile mixed in —

Bảo quản

Thủy tinh hổ phách; <15°C ideal (refrigerate tại VN — REQUIRED for preservation of angelate esters in humid/hot climate); tránh ánh sáng + nhiệt độ cao; **ester-dominant EOs hydrolyse faster than alcohol-dominant oils in heat + humidity**; shelf life 2–3 năm kín tốt; 12–18 tháng đã mở; **VN storage

Bối Cảnh Việt Nam

Section 9 — VN Context

Nhập khẩu hoàn toàn**Imported Ultra-Premium Specialty ★★★★★** — không có di sản VN; **"the gentlest luxury"** trong VN aromatherapy; rất được kính trọng; limited supply + high adulteration = cần thận trọng cao khi mua

Tên gọi tại Việt Nam

- *Tinh dầu cúc La Mã* — tên phổ biến nhất (phân biệt "cúc La Mã" với "cúc Đức")

Trong Y học cổ truyền VN

- KHÔNG có YHCT truyền thống VN với *Chamaemelum nobile* / *Anthemis nobilis* - **Hoa cúc VN trong YHCT là *Chrysanthemum morifolium* (cúc trắng/cúc hoa vàng):** trị sốt, viêm mắt, hạ huyết áp, giải độc — hoàn toàn khác cúc La Mã về hóa học và tác dụng - **Trong cộng đồng aromatherapy VN hiện đại:** - Roman chamomile = "tinh dầu VIP cho trẻ em" — không. 1 cho sleep + anxiety của bé - Spa cao cấp HN/HCM (trẻ em): dùng Roman chamomile cho baby massage + bath bomb sản phẩm - DIY for

Mua hàng tại VN

- **Giá:** 200,000–800,000 VND / 5ml (phổ biến nhất là 5ml vì giá); đắt thứ 2–3 trong database (sau rose absolute và nhất là neroli) - **Nguồn:** Tisserand Aromatherapy (UK) distributors VN; Eden Botanicals USA distributors; Plant Therapy; specialist EU organic importers - **CẢNH BÁO QUAN TRỌNG:** Roman chamomile là EO bị làm giả + mislabel nhiều nhất trong segment herbal EOs tại VN: 1. German chamomile (rẻ hơn) bán là "Roman chamomile" — detect bằng màu (deep blue = German, pale blue =

Tài Liệu Tham Khảo

Section 10 — References

[Primary safety] Tisserand R & Young R. *Essential Oil Safety*, 2nd ed. 2014. Chamomile Roman pp. 218–220; Pregnancy: AVOID T1

[Safety assessment] CIR Safety Assessment *Anthemis nobilis*-Derived Ingredients (2013) — no dermal irritation/sensitisation in HRIPT; GRAS status

[EMA assessment] EMA Final Assessment Report *Chamaemelum nobile* (L.) All., flos, 2016 — isobutyl angelate 25.85–36.0%; 2-methylbutyl angelate 13.0–20.3%; isoamyl tiglate 11.7–19.9%; isoamyl isobutyrate 10.9–23.7%; isobutyl isobutyrate 3.7–5.3%

[GC/MS novel 2026] PMC12843988 (2026) — Unlocking Secrets Roman Chamomile (*Anthemis nobilis*): 70+ compounds; 12 new esters identified including 4-methylpentyl angelate, 5-methylhexyl angelate

[GC/MS comparison] acgpubs.org 2023 — German/Roman/Chinese chamomile EOs comparison

[GC/MS COA Italy] Panarom Hungary GC/MS COA 0024824 — isobutyl angelate + isoamyl methacrylate 33.27%, isoamyl angelate 16.84%, methylallyl angelate 8.33%, trans-pinocarveol 5.94%

[GC/MS COA Shay & Co] Shay & Co Lot 13171 — isoamyl isobutyrate, methallyl angelate 9.59%, isobutyl angelate 9.12%

[Anxiety meta-analysis] PMID 31006899 / Wiley PTR 2019 — 12 RCTs; GAD HAM-A MD -1.43 (P=0.007); sleep SMD -0.73 (P<0.005); safety confirmed

[Anxiety systematic review] PMC11109927 (2024) — Oral chamomile anxiolytic; HPA axis + neurotransmitter modulation

[Anxiety RCT inhalation] PMC10763144 (2024) — Chamomile EO aromatherapy ACS patients; anxiety ↓ P<0.001

[Anti-inflammatory meta] PMC12269088 (2025) — Chamomile RCTs: pain ↓, wound healing ↑, epithelialization > corticosteroids

[Wound healing DB] Glowania et al. 1987 — Double-blind chamomile wound healing 5.3 vs 6.3 days antibiotic

[Comprehensive review] PMC9822300 (2022) — Chamomile review: botanical, chemical, pharmacological

[Therapeutic study] PMC9611340 (2022) — Comprehensive therapeutic applications chamomile

[Pregnancy safety] PMC7956842 (2021) — Maternal reproductive toxicity essential oils: antispasmodic esters

[Asthma/respiratory] darwin-nutrition.fr (2024) — 54 asthmatic patients; inhalation airway relaxation

[Children aromatherapy] pestik.cz (2025) — Roman chamomile children sleep aromatherapy

[VN Heritage] No VN heritage data available — imported specialty

[Data reliability] HIGH — GC/MS HIGH (EMA + CIR + multiple COAs + 2026 novel study); Safety HIGH (Tisserand + CIR + EMA); Clinical HIGH (Systematic review/meta-analysis 12 RCTs + 2025 meta-analysis + 2024 RCT); Traditional use HIGH (extensive European documented history); VN context MODERATE (market data 2024–2026)

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